G moderate ballooning degeneration with an occasional microgranuloma was seen in group E/I (Fig. 6d). The hepatic picture in F/I (control, drug free group, Fig. 4b and 4c) comprised moderate to marked ballooning degeneration (percentages of hepatic lesions are shown in table 2).Sub-Acute ToxicityThis batch had two groups, each comprising 6 animals. The first group (A/II) was dosed with 32.2 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50) for two weeks and the second (group B/II) was the drug free control group. Group A/II had no animal dead before necropsy. As a whole, the renal tissue was unaffected as far as 25033180 tubular necrosis (Fig. 7) was concerned. Varying extents of pyelitis with prominence 
of eosinophils and mild congestion spanned the entire histological picture (percentages are shown in table 3). The hepatic lesion comprised mild to marked ballooning degeneration (Fig. 8) and congestion, with one case revealing an occasional microgranu-loma. Capsular inflammation, focal portal inflammation and an occasional focus of lobular inflammation completed the entire histological spectrum (percentages are shown in table 4). In Group B/II the renal histology was within normal limits (Fig. 4d) with pyelitis, congestion and focal pigment deposition constituting the consistent microscopic findings (table 3). The hepatic picture ranged from normal, unaffected liver (Fig. 4e and 4f) in three cases to mild, moderate and marked ballooning degeneration, respectively, in the remaining three cases in this group (table 4). No steatosis was present in animals of this group.DiscussionThis study demonstrated minimal renal and hepatic toxicity by a newly developed gold (III) compound, [Au(en)Cl2]Cl. In the subacute toxicity part of the study, this compound showed dose dependent renal toxicity but with a much extended nephrogenic safety range and also exhibited a 56-59-7 manufacturer notably higher safe upper limit compared to toxicity levels of clinically established antineoplasticRenal and Hepatic Toxicity of a Gold (III) CompoundFigure 5. Extent of hepatic steatosis seen in acute toxicity study of a gold (III) compound [Au(en)Cl2]Cl. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051889.gdrugs like cisplatin, doxyrubicin and 5-Florouracil(5-FU) as reported in other studies. Comparative analysis with other gold compounds was limited by paucity of toxicity studies. Many studies report gold(III) complexes as emerging, potential anticancer agents [34,35,36,37] with elaboration of their mechanisms of action and antiproliferative activity [27,35] against many different cancer stem lines, but their toxicity data as regards detailed renal and hepatic histopathological 117793 price manifestations have not been adequately described. In our study a dose of 32.2 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50) revealed normal renal tubular histology with no evidence of tubular necrosis. Mild pyelitis with a prominence of eosinophils and mild congestion was a 
consistent finding. Varying extent and grade of renal tubular necrosis was only seen with the administration of the gold(III) compound at very high dosages (range of 187.5?1500 mg/kg), administered in the acute toxicity component of the study. Other antineoplastic drugs are seen to exhibit a significantly low renal tolerance. In a study comprising multi drug analysis by Hanigan et al, rats dosed intraperitoneally with 15 mg/kg of body weight cisplatin revealed grade 4 tubular necrosis [38]. Atasyara et al described remarkable epithelial vacuolation, necrosis, and desquamation of cells with protein casts in renal tubules.G moderate ballooning degeneration with an occasional microgranuloma was seen in group E/I (Fig. 6d). The hepatic picture in F/I (control, drug free group, Fig. 4b and 4c) comprised moderate to marked ballooning degeneration (percentages of hepatic lesions are shown in table 2).Sub-Acute ToxicityThis batch had two groups, each comprising 6 animals. The first group (A/II) was dosed with 32.2 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50) for two weeks and the second (group B/II) was the drug free control group. Group A/II had no animal dead before necropsy. As a whole, the renal tissue was unaffected as far as 25033180 tubular necrosis (Fig. 7) was concerned. Varying extents of pyelitis with prominence of eosinophils and mild congestion spanned the entire histological picture (percentages are shown in table 3). The hepatic lesion comprised mild to marked ballooning degeneration (Fig. 8) and congestion, with one case revealing an occasional microgranu-loma. Capsular inflammation, focal portal inflammation and an occasional focus of lobular inflammation completed the entire histological spectrum (percentages are shown in table 4). In Group B/II the renal histology was within normal limits (Fig. 4d) with pyelitis, congestion and focal pigment deposition constituting the consistent microscopic findings (table 3). The hepatic picture ranged from normal, unaffected liver (Fig. 4e and 4f) in three cases to mild, moderate and marked ballooning degeneration, respectively, in the remaining three cases in this group (table 4). No steatosis was present in animals of this group.DiscussionThis study demonstrated minimal renal and hepatic toxicity by a newly developed gold (III) compound, [Au(en)Cl2]Cl. In the subacute toxicity part of the study, this compound showed dose dependent renal toxicity but with a much extended nephrogenic safety range and also exhibited a notably higher safe upper limit compared to toxicity levels of clinically established antineoplasticRenal and Hepatic Toxicity of a Gold (III) CompoundFigure 5. Extent of hepatic steatosis seen in acute toxicity study of a gold (III) compound [Au(en)Cl2]Cl. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051889.gdrugs like cisplatin, doxyrubicin and 5-Florouracil(5-FU) as reported in other studies. Comparative analysis with other gold compounds was limited by paucity of toxicity studies. Many studies report gold(III) complexes as emerging, potential anticancer agents [34,35,36,37] with elaboration of their mechanisms of action and antiproliferative activity [27,35] against many different cancer stem lines, but their toxicity data as regards detailed renal and hepatic histopathological manifestations have not been adequately described. In our study a dose of 32.2 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50) revealed normal renal tubular histology with no evidence of tubular necrosis. Mild pyelitis with a prominence of eosinophils and mild congestion was a consistent finding. Varying extent and grade of renal tubular necrosis was only seen with the administration of the gold(III) compound at very high dosages (range of 187.5?1500 mg/kg), administered in the acute toxicity component of the study. Other antineoplastic drugs are seen to exhibit a significantly low renal tolerance. In a study comprising multi drug analysis by Hanigan et al, rats dosed intraperitoneally with 15 mg/kg of body weight cisplatin revealed grade 4 tubular necrosis [38]. Atasyara et al described remarkable epithelial vacuolation, necrosis, and desquamation of cells with protein casts in renal tubules.
