S tested, rRNA showed the most abundant expression and UBC showed the lowest expression. The UBC gene contains multiple directly repeated ubiquitin coding sequences (i.e., polyubiquitin precursor protein) [17]. However, the primer set we used enabled amplification of the unrepeated sequence at the 59 region of the UBC gene only. Thus, low UBC expression in our data does not reflect the amount of ubiquitin C protein. B2M expression levels were markedly lower in brains and hearts than in other tissues. Resident brain cells normally express few or no MHC class I and B2M molecules [18?0]. In addition, B2M expression is upregulated by infection or autoimmune disease [21?3]. Therefore, in disorders with cellular infiltration such as inflammation (especially encephalitis) or cancer cell invasion, B2M expression levels may be significantly varied compared with normal tissue.Figure 6. The 23727046 ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in common marmoset and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry. Representative scattered plots of FSC and SSC are shown in the left panels. Middle panels represent a histogram of CD3 analyzed in the lymphocyte gate. Gated CD3+ cells were analyzed for CD4 and CD8 expression (right panels). doi:10.1371/Fexinidazole chemical information journal.pone.0056296.gGene Expressions in Marmoset by Accurate qPCRTable 3. CD8/CD4 ratio in PBMCs from young and old marmosets.AgeSexpositive CD8 CD4 38.4 36.1 41.5 44.6 37.8 39.763.CD8/CD4 ratio3 month* 1.5 year 1.5 year* 2.0 year 10 year* Mean 6 sdmale female male male female58.3 60.7 55.1 52.7 58.6 57.163.1.52 1.68 1.33 1.18 1.55 1.4560.*Only FACS analysis, but not qPCR, was done with PBMCs from these three marmosets. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056296.tThus, we predict that B2M may be unsuitable as a reference gene in many cases. We assessed gene expression stability using the geNorm applet. As shown in Figure 2, geNorm analysis indicated that all tested genes were stable in each tissue. However, there were some trends in the stability ranking (Figure 3). For example, TBP in intestine segments and SDHA in brain segments represented prominently high stabilities. GAPDH, ACTB, SDHA and TBP were generally ranked high followed by UBC. In contrast, the stability of rRNA was generally low. This suggests the amount of mRNA is not always proportional to that of total RNA as reported by other studies [24,25]. In addition, HPRT, rRNA and B2M varied widely among tissues and rarely ranked high. We analyzed the expression levels of CD antigens and cytokines by qPCR to compare the characteristics of peripheral blood leukocytes between common marmosets and humans (Figure 4). We Dimethylenastron web observed that the expression levels of CD4 and IL-4 were lower in common marmosets than in humans. In contrast, the expression levels of IL-10, IL-12b and IFN-c were higher in common marmosets. We calculated PCR efficiency of each primer set and found there was no great difference between primers for common marmosets and those for humans (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, the differences in the gene expression levels between common marmosets and humans are not attributable to the differences in PCR efficiency. We also observed that the CD4:CD8 ratio and Th1/Th2 balance were inverted in common marmosets by qPCR analysis (Figure 5). In particular, we confirmed the inverted CD4:CD8 ratio by flow cytometric analysis (Figure 6 and Table 3). The inverted CD4:CD8 ratio was stable over age. Of interest, we noted that the Th1/Th2 balance is different between common marm.S tested, rRNA showed the most abundant expression and UBC showed the lowest expression. The UBC gene contains multiple directly repeated ubiquitin coding sequences (i.e., polyubiquitin precursor protein) [17]. However, the primer set we used enabled amplification of the unrepeated sequence at the 59 region of the UBC gene only. Thus, low UBC expression in our data does not reflect the amount of ubiquitin C protein. B2M expression levels were markedly lower in brains and hearts than in other tissues. Resident brain cells normally express few or no MHC class I and B2M molecules [18?0]. In addition, B2M expression is upregulated by infection or autoimmune disease [21?3]. Therefore, in disorders with cellular infiltration such as inflammation (especially encephalitis) or cancer cell invasion, B2M expression levels may be significantly varied compared with normal tissue.Figure 6. The 23727046 ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in common marmoset and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry. Representative scattered plots of FSC and SSC are shown in the left panels. Middle panels represent a histogram of CD3 analyzed in the lymphocyte gate. Gated CD3+ cells were analyzed for CD4 and CD8 expression (right panels). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056296.gGene Expressions in Marmoset by Accurate qPCRTable 3. CD8/CD4 ratio in PBMCs from young and old marmosets.AgeSexpositive CD8 CD4 38.4 36.1 41.5 44.6 37.8 39.763.CD8/CD4 ratio3 month* 1.5 year 1.5 year* 2.0 year 10 year* Mean 6 sdmale female male male female58.3 60.7 55.1 52.7 58.6 57.163.1.52 1.68 1.33 1.18 1.55 1.4560.*Only FACS analysis, but not qPCR, was done with PBMCs from these three marmosets. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056296.tThus, we predict that B2M may be unsuitable as a reference gene in many cases. We assessed gene expression stability using the geNorm applet. As shown in Figure 2, geNorm analysis indicated that all tested genes were stable in each tissue. However, there were some trends in the stability ranking (Figure 3). For example, TBP in intestine segments and SDHA in brain segments represented prominently high stabilities. GAPDH, ACTB, SDHA and TBP were generally ranked high followed by UBC. In contrast, the stability of rRNA was generally low. This suggests the amount of mRNA is not always proportional to that of total RNA as reported by other studies [24,25]. In addition, HPRT, rRNA and B2M varied widely among tissues and rarely ranked high. We analyzed the expression levels of CD antigens and cytokines by qPCR to compare the characteristics of peripheral blood leukocytes between common marmosets and humans (Figure 4). We observed that the expression levels of CD4 and IL-4 were lower in common marmosets than in humans. In contrast, the expression levels of IL-10, IL-12b and IFN-c were higher in common marmosets. We calculated PCR efficiency of each primer set and found there was no great difference between primers for common marmosets and those for humans (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, the differences in the gene expression levels between common marmosets and humans are not attributable to the differences in PCR efficiency. We also observed that the CD4:CD8 ratio and Th1/Th2 balance were inverted in common marmosets by qPCR analysis (Figure 5). In particular, we confirmed the inverted CD4:CD8 ratio by flow cytometric analysis (Figure 6 and Table 3). The inverted CD4:CD8 ratio was stable over age. Of interest, we noted that the Th1/Th2 balance is different between common marm.
