rocyte proliferation and striatal degeneration in vivo, as well as astrocyte-mediated neuronal loss in vitro. Conclusions/Significance: Taken together, these results indicate that a transient metabolic insult with GA induces long lasting phenotypic changes in astrocytes that cause them to promote striatal neuronal death. Pharmacological protection of astrocytes with antioxidants during encephalopatic crisis may prevent astrocyte dysfunction and the ineluctable progression of disease in children with GA-I. Citation: Olivera-Bravo S, Fernandez A, Sarlabos MN, Rosillo JC, Casanova G, et al. Neonatal Astrocyte Damage Is Sufficient to Trigger Progressive Striatal Degeneration in a Rat Model of Glutaric Acidemia-I. PLoS ONE 6: e20831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020831 Editor: Sergio T. Ferreira, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received February 3, 2011; Accepted May 9, 2011; Published June 15, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Olivera-Bravo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was funded by the Programa de Desarrollo Tecnologico Salud No 76/23 of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia to S.O.B., and the Programa para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Basicas, Biology option. The funders had no 
role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction During CNS development, astrocytes are mostly generated after the initial production of neurons and then play a key role in the subsequent development of grey and white matter. Astrocytes participate in guiding the migration of 61-75-6 developing axons and neuroblasts, are essential for the generation and pruning of synapses, and for the blood brain barrier formation. Developing astrocytes are vulnerable to ischemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Primary or secondary astrocyte damage has been implicated in several developmental 12606786 or perinatal CNS pathologies such as periventricular leukomalasia, vanishing white matter disease, Alexander disease and lead and methylmercury poisoning. Thus, a vulnerability of astrocytes in early stages of development may critically alter subsequent survival and function of neurons. Severe loss of basal ganglia neurons is a pathological hallmark of Glutaric acidemia type I, an autosomal recessive inherited neurometabolic disease caused by deficiency of glutarylCoA dehydrogenase enzyme. GCDH deficiency alters lysine and tryptophan catabolism causing the accumulation of glutaric acid and related metabolites in the brain of GA-I patients. Clinically, babies with GA-I can present macrocephaly before the appearance of first symptoms typically June 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 6 | e20831 Astrocyte Damage and Striatal Degeneration denoted by encephalopathic crisis. Then, GA-I may evolve to a complex neurological syndrome simulating a cerebral palsy with extrapyramidal signs such as progressive dystonia and dyskinesia. Symptoms may have a gradual rate of onset and progression, or occur suddenly after an acute metabolic crisis. Pathologically, the characteristic features of GAI are a loss of neurons in the caudate and putamen and spongiform lesions in the white matter. Increased extracellul
